Freud, Adler and Jung: Founders of Psychoanalytic Research Essay

Introduction: There are three well-known influential thinkers who are considered to be pioneers in the field of psychology. It could be argued that without †¦. , the emergence of psychology as we know it might not have ever happened, at least in its present form. Freud is considered by his modern-day counterparts to be the founding father of analytic psychology, as he is the first to have come up with an albeit rudimentary, but nevertheless valuable model of the human psyche. Prior to his groundbreaking work, the nature of human consciousness was largely debated and theorized by medical doctors and theologians. Then there is Adler, (who was the first to have suggested the societal impact on emotions and thought processes and vice-versa, arguing that consciousness and culture have what could be termed as a symbiotic relationship. He emphasized, too, the importance of self-esteem and was the first to say that without a healthy self-esteem, an individual would develop an inferiority/superiority complex which would in turn affect many aspects of life. Last but not least, Carl Jung, who was a respected colleague of Freud in his earlier years, focused on the spiritual aspects of consciousness and saw the value it played on thoughts and emotions. We will explore in this paper the commonalities between these founding fathers of psychology as well as their differences, and explore the strengths in their theories as well as the weaknesses. By understanding the founders of this very subjective field of scientific thought, we can gain a better picture of how psychology has evolved over the years and apply it to our own research and studies. Sigmund Freud:  According to Freudian theory, the consciousness is composed of three opposing forces: the id, the ego, and the superego. The id (Freud used the German term Das es) which consists of our instinct-driven behavior. Governed by what he termed the â€Å"Pleasure Principle†, It is largely pleasure-seeking: when we are hungry, we seek to obtain relief from these feelings by eating. Because the id is a self-gratifying drive, it can, according to Freud, cause problems if left unchecked, since the person would have absolutely no self-control and wouldn’t be able to exercise the self-discipline necessary to function in society. In accordance with what Freud calls â€Å"The Reality Principle†, The ego (das ich) copes with the limitations of reality by putting into place coping mechanisms when one’s basest needs cannot be fulfilled. For instance, it is the ego which represses the needs of the id by waking up early for work when the id tells us to sleep in late. The Superego (uber ich) tries to rule over the ego and id with moral principles which are both conscious and unconscious. It can be described as one’s religious convictions and moral principles. The Superego can override the ego and id when something must be done â€Å"for the greater good†, i. . for moral reasons. Another Fundamental element of Freudian theory is his stages of psychosexual development, which categorizes each stage as follows: The oral stage where a child seeks comfort from suckling, the anal stage where the child is toilet-trained, the phallic stage where a child’s awareness of a penis (or lack thereof) plays a crucial role in early development, the latent period, and finally the genital stage. In each of these stages (aside from the latent stage where it is believed no crucial psychosexual development takes place) if there is a disturbance in normal development, a â€Å"fixation† can occur. For instance, if a child is weaned from breastfeeding too early, he or she can have an â€Å"oral fixation† which would manifest itself as nail-biting or smoking later in life. Last but not least, Freud was the first to propose that when we face situations we cannot emotionally handle, we have certain defense mechanisms such as repression, suppression, denial, displacement, sublimation, intellectualization, and rationalization, regression, and reaction formation. These mechanisms can be considered normal, especially during grieving periods. Much later, Dr. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross made shock and denial one of the first stages of the grieving process, and it has been well-documented that denial can be very common if not normal as long as it doesn’t become permanent. Defense mechanisms can become very unhealthy if they don’t eventually give way to directly coping with the emotions which are being denied or repressed. These defense mechanisms, in their most extreme forms can be very difficult to understand for those who haven’t shared the same experience. For example, it is very possible for a woman to be so deep in denial of a pregnancy that she will continue to menstruate up until the time of delivery. She could also attribute the normal symptoms of pregnancy with other possible explanations, i. e. morning sickness being stomach flu and the baby’s kicks being gas. A typical example of displacement can be seen with people who abuse animals or children. If a person feels they cannot express anger or aggression to a parent or significant other for fear of repercussions, they will channel the anger and direct it to the family pet or their child, who cannot fight back. Regression can be another common defense mechanism, and it usually happens when an individual is overwhelmed with anxiety and feels they cannot directly face the source of their emotions. A very common scenario is for an adult to remain in bed all day and sleep to avoid painful feelings shortly after a loved-one dies. Another example is when a child is afraid to attend school because of a bully, and becomes extremely clingy with the parent when he or she was very independent prior to the problem. Carl Jung  Jung and Freud became friends in 1906, after Freud had read some of Jung’s writings and invited him for a meeting in Zurich. Their first conversation was said to have lasted for 13 hours, with the two men exchanging ideas and elaborating on their theories. Freud saw Jung as somewhat of a protege, referring to Jung as his â€Å"crown prince and successor†. Their correspondence and friendship lasted six years, but Jung eventually expressed dissent with Freud over the role the unconscious mind played in human behavior. While Freud saw the unconscious as somewhat of a repository of repressed memories which could be manifested unbeknownst to the conscious mind, Jung believed that the ability to tap into the unconscious mind was possible and could contribute to emotional well-being. And while he agreed that it was important to understand past trauma and its influence on present behavior, he also believed that the future didn’t necessarily need to be determined by such things. The role spirituality played in his psychoanalytic theories also made him a pioneer in his own rite, though it was never something he and Freud could agree upon. Alfred Adler Alfred Adler was also a contemporary of Dr. Freud and even joined his analytic society in 1902. By 1911 however, he too expressed dissent with many of Freud’s opinions and left to form his own society, the ‘Society for Free Psychoanalytic Research’. It can be reiterated that while he agreed with Freud that psycho-social development could be affected by influential factors beginning early in life, he came up with theories of his own which contrasted with those of his colleague. For instance, he believed that a child feels inherently weak around his or her elders, and strives to become superior to them throughout the course of early life. This term, known as â€Å"striving for superiority†, states that if the need for personal accomplishment and success is not met, an inferiority complex can develop, causing many other problems later on. He also proposed the theory that birth order plays a crucial role in emotional development. For example, he stated that an oldest child has it the worst, as he or she starts off having both parents’ unlimited attention and time. Later on after other siblings are born, an oldest child isn’t given the same amount of attention and is left to wonder why. Childhood neglect and abuse also have a profound impact on psychosocial development according to Adler, and numerous case studies continue to arise which prove his theory to be valid even today. Conclusion While many of the theories of Freud, Adler and Jung have been either dispelled or refined by case studies and discoveries in the field of neuroscientific research, there is no doubt they were pioneers in the field of psychology. Freud’s concepts of defense mechanisms have withstood the test of time even though his theories of psychosexual development have been outmoded, and Jungian psychoanalysis is still relevant today. Adler’s views on self-esteem and childhood development have been verified by clinical research, even if some of the finer points of his research had been discarded. While there is continued debate and new findings which will always create dissent and result in new discoveries related to psychology, it is certain that the work of these three early founders will remain significant for decades to come.

Dystopia Transcript

Transcript Dystopias are a futuristic, imagined universe which enforce oppressive societal control and the illusion of a perfect society are maintained through corporate, bureaucratic, technological and moral control, such as in the text ‘We' by Yevgeny Zamyatin and ‘2081' by Chandler Tuttle. Often we see in these societies the ways that humanity can be repressed, losing one's individuality and also the ways a hero rises to challenge the Dystopia's laws, only to fail and become a victim to the dystopia, all being common conventions of dystopic texts from which we can learn about our own societies' flaws.After the long campaigns of One State, the world and all its citizens are under the control of this totalitarian society. Through D-503's journal we see that all humans suffer from a loss of individuality and emotion most particularly from the conformist nature of the society where regimentation and oppressive control has rid of the population of freedom and imagination, k ey factors in a human's individuality.The starting statement of â€Å"What I think-or, to be more exact what we think,† immediately when the novel begins, showcases the conformist nature of One State, tying in with the suppression of humane aspects, extrapolated by the motif, the table of hours which is One State's main instrument in controlling the population. This subjugation of citizens and further oppression is also seen in ‘2081,' where the more extraordinary of the population being handicapped to allow fair living.The constant display of the effects of added weights and shock devices linked to those who think too much show to us just how repressed everyone is in the society. Multiple close shots of Harrison Bergeron while he produced his speech about the flaws in their society illuminate to us the oppression and the dark nature of the society while he was dressed in many handicaps. â€Å"They had hoped to destroy in me, any trace of the extraordinary. Harrison's parents also demonstrate this oppression by the quick cuts to fragmented memories which are consequentially destroyed by handicaps and how the only ones without handicaps are the unintelligent, evident by Harrison's mother and the stuttering news reporter, revealing how degraded the dystopia has caused the human population. As in most dystopic fiction, there is a protagonist which rises against the society's laws and then becomes a victim. This is seen in the changes that occur to D-503 in ‘We. ‘ Throughout the beginning f the novel, D-503 constantly praises the â€Å"mathematically perfect† system of One State, evident in the constant inclusion of mathematics in his speech. â€Å"Irrational numbers†¦ I don't want root – 1. † he says as he displays the effect of this conformist society and how the propaganda around has affected him. This comes to change after being introduced to emotion and imagination by I 330, developing a ‘soul'. Howeve r, this causes his downfall as he is then subjected to the great operation, which had permanently taken away his free will and imagination, evident by his sudden indifferent attitude to I-330.From this we can see how the convention of the hero becoming a victim to his/her dystopic society. Similarly, Harrison in ‘2081’ undergoes similar events as the film progresses. He creates a performance revealing what the un-handicapped extraordinary can achieve, revealing what the dystopic society was hiding all while diegetic sound is played, highlighting the importance of his actions which continue onward to past his death at the hands of various security officers, becoming a victim to the regime despite fighting against it.Both dystopic texts follow the various conventions and ideas seen in dystopian societies, outlining to us multiple flaws in the human society and flaws we can create. As futuristic settings, these texts offer to us an understanding from which we can summarize that these dystopic texts are cautionary tales which we should learn from to create a brighter future. By Kevin Dai

Denying human rights the immorality of abortion Essay

Abortion Imagine being ripped away from a chance at life, without even a choice. Abortion brings this awful thought to reality. Abortion disregards fetuses’ human rights to survive, for many different reasons. Abortion is a controversial topic that is debated by many across the United States. Abortion is wrong and should not be practiced in any circumstance, as it is taking away an innocent and helpless life. Abortion is immoral because of the late-term method and dejection of human rights and is a controversial topic conveyed in many different ways by the media. Late-term abortion is aborting a fetus at 20-24 weeks. â€Å"In 1992, Martin Haskell, MD† explained at a convention that â€Å"he â€Å"routinely† used to kill unborn children† (Wills 1).   He called this method of abortion â€Å"D&X†.   Partial-birth abortion is when the skull is crushed after exiting the uterus and the brain is vacuumed out. As violent as that sounds, many judges defend this method of abortion. An argument made is that it is just as gruesome as aborting in the second trimester, saying there is no moral difference between the two. Late-term abortions are â€Å"banned in 30 states†, and that should be enough to prove it is immoral to murder a fetus at childbirth (Wills 4). It was not the American public choice to permit these late abortions, but it is â€Å"the Supreme Court† and the unjust decision that there is â€Å"an arbitrary line between human life and (merely) â€Å"potential† life at the birth canal† (Wills 2). This court decision states that a â€Å"potential† life is not as important as an actual human life, and late-term abortion is permissible because the babies are not considered a human while inside the mother. If this were true, the baby would be a human life once exiting the birth canal. This states the decisions are unjust because the baby is no longer a â€Å"potential† life. Humans are born with basic human rights. Some might say a woman has the right to choose abortion, regardless of the reason.   A common argument pertaining to abortion is if the fetus has basic rights before actual childbirth. It is a choice for the mother to become sexually active in the first place, and a child should not have to pay for the mother’s mistake. In terms of rape cases, adoption allows the best option for both the mother and the baby. A philosopher, Judith Thomson, explains a â€Å"violinist† scenario to justify rape. She states that a woman wakes up strapped to a violinist, who is unconscious. The only way to detach herself is to kill him or wait 9 months and they will both live. Thomson is using the scenario to explain why abortion is permitted during rape cases. The fetus was not invited into the body, therefore was not wanted and can be aborted. She states the only type of immoral abortion is if you were planning on having a child when conceiving. Th is argument would not make sense, because the child would only be able to have rights if invited into the body, and the child cannot control the mother’s actions. A common reason for abortions is the burden a baby would have on a job or someone’s education. â€Å"While pregnancy is a temporary condition, abortion produces a permanent condition- the death of a child.† (Thompson 2).   Restraining from practicing abortions does not devalue the mother, but simply acknowledges a baby’s rights to be more important than pregnancy. A big influence on abortion is the media’s views on the procedure. Many celebrities, politicians, philosophers, and more have stated their views and reasons on why they support or disagree with abortion. A wide-known example of a supporter of late-term abortion is President Barack Obama. Obama has often stated his thoughts on abortion many times during campaigns. â€Å"President Barack Obama’s reelection campaign counterattacked, releasing a television advertisement in which a woman says that it is â€Å"a scary time to be a woman† because Mitt Romney has said he supports outlawing abortion.† (Singer 1). It is common for Republicans to be for the outlaw of abortion, and Democrats to support abortion. Hillary Clinton is for abortions, and even partial-birth abortions and that became a huge part of her campaign.   Whereas on the other side of things president-elect Donald Trump was very strongly against it. Many philosophers state their arguments and reaso ns for their view on abortion. Peter Singer is for abortion, stating if abortion is outlawed it will increase the unsafe abortions people would seek out. Despite the illegal abortions, outlawing abortion would help show society how wrong it is, hence why it is outlawed. Abortion is immoral because it is denying the rights to a human, regardless of it being unborn. A fetus is still of the human species, making it a human itself, even at contraception. A potential child should not have to face death because it is not responsible for the mother’s actions. Each view on abortion has many in-depth arguments, each providing viable points as to why or why not it should be allowed. Abortion should not be practiced early in the pregnancy, or at childbirth. It is the murder of an innocent and defenseless victim.

My Teaching Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My Teaching Philosophy - Essay Example I don’t want to produce a workforce that is well educated but not competent enough to handle the complexities of the real life problems. Using moving image is a very important part of my teaching style which makes it all the more convenient for the students to understand the concept. I believe that human tendency to learn is at its best when it requires the humans to use maximum senses. Thus, if I only deliver the lecture without showing the students videos, they would only engage their hearing sense to understand me in the class. On the other hand, when I supplement my theoretical demonstration with the moving image, the students not only engage their hearing sense in the lecture, but also make use of their viewing sense. Thus, learning occurs at two levels. I also need the multimedia demonstration in order to show the videos of concepts being applied on the real life cases. Therefore, multimedia is a very essential component of my

International Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Economics - Essay Example According to this theory the two countries will gain from trade if each country specialises in the production of that good which it has a higher comparative advantage. We assume that the given numerical figures are the costs of labour in the production of good 1 and good 2 in both countries, from the above table it is clear that country A has absolute advantage in the production of both goods but according to the comparative advantage theory the two countries will still gain by trading From the analysis of the comparative advantage it is clear that despite country A having absolute advantage in the production of both goods it even more efficient in the production of good 1, for country B it is less disadvantaged in the production of good 2. for this reason country A will produce good 1 and country B will produce good 2 and they will gain from trading. Therefore trade will offer a country an opportunity to specialise and therefore countries will reallocate factors of production to those goods in which it has comparative advantage in and therefore gain in the process. Hecksher ohlin trade theory states that trade occurred due to factor endowment, factor endowment according to him meant that a country was either endowed with capital or labour, he stated that those countries that were rich in capital produced capital intensive goods while those that were rich in labour produced labour intensive goods. Capital intensive goods are those goods that require more units of capital per unit of production, while the labour intensive goods are those goods that require more units of labour per unit of production. Factor endowment therefore refers to the amount of resources has, however this theory was based on the assumptions that there were no transport costs, perfect competition in the commodity and factor market, only two goods are produced where one good is labour intensive while the other is capital intensive and the final assumption is that the production function differ

Continuum of Legal Formality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Continuum of Legal Formality - Research Paper Example The administrative law is aimed at capturing thefts within the community. On a global scale, administrative law is a very low positioned legal system. This system is responsible for the correction of people and upholding of social norms. The administrative law governance, however, keeps changing depending on the type of case. In many occasions, administrative law uses informal ways to settle disputes or any other r case based on its importance. However, as much there are informal ways of dealing with cases of administrative law, the formal procedures need to follow. There must be protocol. It will also look at the merits and demerits of using both the formal and informal approach. Over the years the debate over informality or formality in the legal system has dominated many forums. Some administrators feel that the law shield their operating power and hence advocate for more informal procedures to be embraced. Contrary to this, some feel without the participation of the law, administ rators may use this avenue to fulfill their personal interest. In an argument by Harrington & Carter (2009) informal procedures can be used by selfish individuals to hurt other people without any concrete reasons. With increasing trends in society, the already outlined laws may fail to access some parts of the community. In regards to these developments, an informal administrative law may be used to solve the issue. With the already outlined formal lawmaking, sometimes it becomes difficult to solve upcoming issues using the formal way (Harrington & Carter, 2009). On this perspective, the informal law application should be advocated for. While dealing with formality the case advancement is usually dictated by the existing law. This hinders the administrators to utilize all options. For example, some issues may not need prosecution to any parties involved. According to formal procedure, any wrong done is punishable law. However, some administrators feel obligated to use informal metho ds of keeping the case out of the formal procedures. In some instances, they choose dialogue where both parties can settle issues outside the corridors of justice. In this way, the legal system is shielded from petty cases while the feeling of mutual respect is instilled in the parties (Harrington & Carter, 2009). Apart from ease, informal procedures doe does not escalate the conflict between two warring parties. It gives both parties chance to save their image and any form of relationship. In using the formal procedures, it is difficult for parties to get both justice and positive attitude towards one another. As much as formal legal procedures are not advocated by a majority of people, they remain the most efficient legal procedures. From the operating stage to the implementing stage, formal procedures have the well-defined code of operation. With this structure, many people still advocate for it since there is the assurance of transparency. With transparency, all individuals feel justice has been done regardless of the outcome. In words by Harrington & Carter (2009), formal procedures usually leave a mark of justice to all parties involved in a legal battle.

Essay1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Essay1 - Essay Example Take for instance the birth of a newborn baby in this world. Unlike wild animals, which learn how to survive on their own without their mother’s nursing and attention, human babies, require full attention of their mothers in order to survive. Take for instance a waterbuck calf. Once born, the calf learns how to walk in the first few hours. At the end of the first 24 hours, it knows how to jump and run about. The mother suckles it only for a few days before it begins to eat grass and other green vegetation for survival. One week later, the calf can entirely survive on its own without the help of the mother. The newborn calf will have to fend for itself. Contrary to this case, a human child cannot survive on its own without the mother’s milk, warmth and tender care a week after birth. This would be like a death sentence to the new child. In case of inevitable circumstances where the mother has to abandon the child, such as dying during childbirth, then the community has to take the sole responsibility of ensuring the well-being and development of the newborn baby until it is mature enough to survive on its own. Most human babies learn how to eat solid food in six months, learn how to move or walk in 8 to 12 months, and learn how to speak in 10 to 15 months. During this period, the child’s brain remains underdeveloped in such a way that he or she cannot make a cognitive decision on their own, and as such, require the assistance of their mothers, guardians, or the community around them to guess and provide the child what they might be needing. In his article â€Å"Is Facebook Making Us Lonely?† Stephen Marche surveys the recent research assessing our connectedness. According to Stephen, when suffering from loneliness, â€Å"Still, loneliness is slippery, a difficult state to define or diagnose†¦how often do you feel you lack companionship?† (18). this data creates an undisputed display of our instinctual need for connectedness.

Advantages of Single life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Advantages of Single life - Essay Example A single person tends to consume lesser food as compared to a whole family or a couple. Smaller housing facility can be rented or purchased due to the need of lesser space for a single individual. Education has become expensive around the world and major portions of married couples’ incomes are consumed to support the education expenses of their children. According to a statistic quoted by Riper in his article; single people are able to save around 5% of their monthly salary on average. This figure is significantly higher than the married couples who are not able to save anything beyond their retirement funds. Single people tend to be safe from numerous causes of stress and tensions in their lives. The American Institute of Stress verified that stress can cause various types of health problems (America’s No.1 Health Problems). Married people tend to stay stressed if they have negative relations with their partners or have increasing financial problems to support their households. Single people tend to be free from such worries as they have the option of leaving their negative relations and starting a new, healthier relation with the individual of their choice. Negative relations between spouse cause great stress to the participating partners, as well as their children. Single people are able to invest more time and energy in the growth of their professional lives and careers. They have the freedom to take up job opportunities according to their requirements and passion. Married women are generally expected to attend the children and household chores more than the men in the societies, due to which their careers are not considered as a priority. Likewise, married men might not be able to take up opportunities that might require frequent movement from one city to the other; single individuals can easily avail such opportunities since they are the

Suggestions for marketing strategies to a newly opened delicatessen Essay

Suggestions for marketing strategies to a newly opened delicatessen - Essay Example Marketing deli products in an exclusively village setting would require the delicatessen to focus attention on the consumer demographics such as incomes, ages and preferences. These factors would have a much greater impact on the delicatessen’s decision to locate in a village. Thus the primary and immediate assumption is that there are no other deli shops in the village or the existing ones aren’t so well geared to meeting the demand for deli products. Marketing strategies range from those which advocate market domination to those of Porter’s Generic Strategies; from innovation strategies to growth strategies that depend on integration related synergies; and from strategic archetypal models to warfare marketing strategies (Kotler, 1991). Market domination strategies are based on the understanding that any marketing strategy must have as its core objective the domination of the market. In other words the firm seeks to lead, challenge, simply follow or develop a niche market. There are three types of market dominance strategy. The price leader who sets the price for the rest of the market or industry must have a set of predetermining characteristics such as the ability to set the market ruling price at its will so that other competitors would have no alternative but to follow him. A delicatessen in a village is less likely to benefit from this strategy unless the village is already being served by some competitors who sell an approximate range of delicacies. Similarly the other two types of the market dominance strategy, the quantity leadership or challenger, are of little or no significance to the delicatessen in the village. This paper would thus focus on a hybrid marketing strategy that would include some of the features of the above marketing strategies in addition to the writer’s own analytical perspectives (www.ama.org). In a village of approximately 9,000 people a substantial policy of product differentiation is

Rome and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Rome and Juliet Essay The prologue is the introduction, which gives an overview of the play. It tells us what happens at the end of the play, in this case in Romeo and Juliet it is told in the introduction, for example the lines, a pair of star-crossd lovers take their life, doth with their death bury their parents strife. These two lines say that Romeo and Juliet both deep in love with each other, die at the end of the play, the reason being that their parents hated each other. It also sets the scene of Fair Verona and it explains the contents of the play, Two households, and break to new mutiny. The prologue is said by the chorus. This means it is an idea of a group of people taken from ancient Greek tradition. The prologue does not introduce the audience to the characters in the play; it just talks briefly about the events within the play. It is self consciously dramatic. It emphasises its purpose in telling the story, Is now the two hours traffic of our stage. It directly tells the audience to pay attention, The which if you with patient ears attend, what here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend, and the play will develop from what the prologue has been revealing. In Franco Zefirellis production of Romeo and Juliet, the prologue is very brief and short. The film starts off with the details, the opening credits. The font to the credits is in white and in a quite gothic style of writing making it fit in with the traditional theme. While the details are slowly appearing on the screen, around the screen there is a thin border of orange geometric shapes on a yellow background. As the border is so bright and colourful, it is able to immediately catch the audiences eyes and therefore grabs their attention. The border suggests a very sixties styles. You would probably expect a more formal, dark edged kind of border. A soft and slow melody played on a harpsichord plays quietly in the background. The effect that Zefirelli tries to create here is to create a nice calm beginning to the play. In shot one, you can see the camera panning over the city of Fair Verona and slightly out of focus. The light is blue and hazy, gradually brightening up as the camera pans, suggesting that it is dawn. The colour of the light in the sky shining over the city, creates a dreamy and peaceful effect, and adds to the beauty of the city that is being shown. You could only just make out the tops of tall buildings and churches at first, but as it gradually gets lighter, the buildings and other features become more into focus. The rooftops of houses, church spires and a river are seen clearly. You are able to feel the quietness of the city in the early morning, which again gives the effect of the city being very calm and peaceful. The camera pans round the whole city, and then moves up towards the sun and stop with the sun being directly in the middle of the screen shot. The sun suggests the hot foreign climate of a hot foreign country, such as Italy. Shakespeares name appears when the camera has stop panning and focused on the sun. All of this equals one continuos shot. The panning is slow, and the brightening of the day is slow, creating a slow pace to the shot. It gives me the impression of a slow climax to the prologue, getting more and more intense as it goes along, and stopping at the sun gives me the impression that it represents the end, with an either tragic end or a very happy end. I think that it is trying to relate to the whole play itself, with the gradual climax with an intense ending. Throughout shot one, the speaker slowly recites the prologue in a poetic style. He speaks slowly going with the steady flow of the slow motion of the panning of the camera, so that it would not effect the backgrounds creation of peace. The speaker of the prologue is a man whose voice is gentle, soothing and rhythmic as he echoes the prologue. He still speaks when going into the second shot. Shot two is of a medieval courtyard. In front of the courtyard there is the city wall with battlements made of stone and brick, which gives the impression of the setting being in the medieval times. The camera stops moving and shows the shot of the courtyard while the speaker finishes reciting the prologue. As he completes his speech of the prologue, the camera moves slightly round to the left, which shows that where the camera is next to the city wall, it is also one of the ends of a busy marketplace. The suns golden bright morning light shines over the city wall and through the street of the marketplace, representing that it is the start of a new day. The sound of the hustle and bustle of a busy marketplace gradually builds up and the first act of the first scene begins there. This effect is to bring in the play with a more calm start and not rushing into the play with a different shot, bringing the audience into a slow and calm beginning. Zefirelli does not create any huge special effects. The title of the play, Romeo and Juliet appears as the speaker says the words star-crossed lovers. Zefirellis purpose of having the title and the words star-crossed lovers coming up at the same time, is to reinforce visually and aurally the main point of the play that it is a tragic story about the lovers Romeo and Juliet. Baz Luhrmanns version of the prologue is done in much more detail and is emphasised a huge amount more. Luhrmann tries to grab the attention of the audience with very fast moving screen shots and very lively music. The first shot that comes up on the screen is of a TV with a blank screen, and the distance between the camera and the TV is very far, making the TV look very small in the distance. The first sound is the fuzziness of a TV, and then on the screen of the TV, the opening credits are displayed on white tiles with a black background. The contrast between the colours gives a very sharp effect. This gives a very different first effect on the audience compared to Zefirellis opening shot. Luhrmanns first shot of the bold white tiles with a black background, gets the audiences attention straight away. After the credits, a female newsreader appears on the TV screen, and she reads aloud the prologue. She says the prologue like reading aloud a news report rather than in a poetic sonnet way. This makes the prologue subtle and it makes the audience think twice before realising that it is the prologue that she is saying. The subtle speaking of the prologue differs with Zefirellis make of the prologue being obvious to opening up the film. Beside the newsreader in the background, there is a small picture with some text underneath it. As the camera is in the far distance, it makes it hard to see what the picture and text are, which makes the audience wonder what it is. While the newsreader is saying the prologue, the camera subtly zooms in directly towards the screen, and the picture in the corner gradually comes into focus. The picture is of a broken ring with the text underneath it saying Star crossd lovers. The symbolism of the broken ring is that the lovers end up being torn away from each other. After the newsreader says the twelfth line of the prologue, the camera suddenly picks up speeds and zooms right into the TV screen, through a high street. At the same time the words, Fair Verona constantly flashes up in white with a black background. From the zooming, it has merged from one background into another. This sudden pick up of speed would as if wake up the audience and shocking them as the screen had suddenly gone from one shot to another. This is very unlike Zefirellis presentation of the prologue, as he keeps his prologue simple and calm all the way through, whereas Luhrmann uses the effect of zooming and flashing words up creating a dramatic scene. The reason of flashing the words, Fair Verona while the camera rushes down the high street, is to make the audience understand the comparison and realise exactly how fair Verona really is in his version of the film. It shows a decaying urban landscape contradicting fair Verona. The font style of the writing is bold like Arial, and is in block capitals, making it clear to the audience what it says. In Zefirellis, as the camera pans over the city, you can see that Verona is very pretty and fair, as the prologue says it is. As the camera reaches the end of the street, the camera is suddenly focused on the face of a statue, which was far in the distance from where the zooming into the street began. Very dramatic music starts to be played loudly, which produces a bigger effect on grabbing the audiences attention. The camera then pulls back to view the tops of two corporate buildings with the statue in the middle. The buildings have big signs on the top of them. They are the names of the two households, Capulet and Montague. They are in different colours, Capulet in red and Montague in blue. The differences in the colours emphasise the difference between the two. The effect of having the statue splitting the two buildings up is to make the point clear, that the two households need something or someone to keep them apart to avoid causing major trouble in the city, as they absolutely despise each other. The statue shown actually represents Jesus Christ. It is Jesus Christ who is trying to control the families and bringing some peace to the city. In Zefirellis version, the point that the two families cannot stand each other is not emphasised. As the prologue is said in the same tone and way all the way through and the pictures are just of how fair Verona is, does not give a definite and clear point that the two households are major enemies. Luhrmann makes it visual to the audience, the hate between the two families. The next part of the introduction to Luhrmanns production of Romeo and Juliet, is of a rapid chain of clips from one to the other including clips of police cars with VBPD on the side of them standing for Verona Beach Police Department. This is shown to tell the audience that this is Verona Beach and not fair Verona. The chain of clips also includes clips of helicopters, clips of the disaster from different viewpoints, some far up in the sky, some close up to casualties who were injured, and the damage done to the city by this one disaster brought up because of the hate between the Capulets and the Montagues. The disaster is emphasised in this rapid succession of clips, to stress how much damage can be caused by one incident done by the two families. It also makes the audience think and imagine if this one incident caused so much damage, the amount of damage that they probably had done to the city in the past and what would be done in the future. The prologue is said once again while another variety of images using other media of newspaper articles and magazine covers appear. This time, the prologue is said by a character whom is actually in the play, referring to how the prologue is traditionally said by the chorus. The character who speaks the prologue is Friar Lawrence, and he says it in a poetic way, and this time the rhythm of a sonnet is emphasised. A man with a soft, gentle and low voice speaks the prologue like it is in Zefirellis production. This is one similarity that the two productions have. As he speaks, some words of the prologue is emphasised by magazine headlines appearing, using the effect of spinning one on top of the other. The headlines include New Mutiny and Civil Blood Makes Civil Hands Unclean. These headlines are to tell the audience and remind them the symbolism and reasoning behind each word in the prologue. There is also a faint background of burning flames when these headlines appearing as if showing the damage done. The images however, some are of like modern day newspapers and magazines. The camera slowly pans through a rack of different covers, and the headline of each newspaper and magazine are all referring to the feud caused between the two households, emphasising that they produce big issues in the city. Other images in this group of images include police taking charge of the situation in a live kind of view, showing how fast the police and other services had to respond to reduce the risk of more damage happening. The police and fire departments had to work into the night with the clearing up of the situation. This is known as the images are taken from broad daylight into the dark night. These images give the audience a visual understanding of how bad it is of the two households hating each other, which can cause so many innocent people in the city to be harmed. As the speaking of the prologue comes to an end, with the two lines A pair of star crossd lovers, take their life with the lines shown in white writing on a black background. This effect by now would be recognised by the audience by now as it had been used before to state the words Fair Verona. This effect of repeating jogs the audiences memories reminding them again and again the importance of the lines in the prologue. As the prologue stops being spoken, the same dramatic music becomes loud again. Each of the main characters are shown one by one with a pause on each with the text describing who each of the characters are and how they are either related to Romeo or Juliet or what the purpose of the character is in the film. This presentation of the character echoes the style of how it was done in famous program called Dallas. In Zefirellis version, the characters were not introduced and the film got right into the first scene once the prologue was spoken. A shot of Romeo looking through the narrow gap of a door appears, and then the camera immediately changes its angle to show what he see, which is a church aisle with blue neon crosses and candles. The angles that these two shots were taken were both through a narrow opening of the door. The first shot was taken from the inside of the church looking at Romeo, the man standing outside the door, and the second shot was taken from the outside of the door looking into the church. It emphasises what Romeo had seen, which the audience can assume is Juliet lying on the alter at the end of the aisle, Romeo thinking that she had really died. It also symbolises with that it was the conclusion and the end, viewing Romeo and the crosses, show that they were linked together and producing the idea of death. There was one more series of fast moving clips and a rush of lines as a final wind up to the prologue. There are a variety of different clips of things that happen from the beginning of the play to the end. The repeating of the clips again and again produce permanent images into the minds of the audience. The prologue ends with the words take their life and move onto the first act. The words take their life are stated to tell the audience that the story line would conclude with something relevant to it. I think that it is a new technique Luhrmann has used. He uses the technique of grabbing the attention of the audience and makes them concentrate. The prologue being reinforced by being presented for the third time, does not makes the audience get bored and tire of the clips being seen and seen again, but make them more excited about the film. I think that both Zefirelli and Luhrmann were trying to represent Romeo and Juliet in a different way, with different techniques. The prologue was of course interpreted differently. Zefirelli presented the prologue in his production in a gentle and calm way all the way through giving the audience a good idea of the peace and beauty of Verona. Luhrmann of course presented the prologue in a different way, almost a complete contrast to what Zefirelli did. He changed Fair Verona into urban sprawled Verona. I think that the presentations of the prologue were both appropriate for their interpretations because Zefirelli wanted to keep his production of Romeo and Juliet original and alike Shakespeare. Luhrmann wanted to interpret the play into something slightly more modern and unlike Shakespeares original version. In Luhrmanns production he emphasised the complications between the two households and the alterations he had made to the film, like how he set his production in an urban city and called it Verona Beach instead of setting it in the original city of Verona in Italy.

The Field Of Decision Making Effectuation Business Essay

The Field Of Decision Making Effectuation Business Essay The creation of new businesses has a significant impact on creating more jobs and economic growth. Entrepreneurial studies have significant results. Personal characteristics of entrepreneurs, market forces and conditions, Industry trends and dynamics can have an important influence on the success of the entrepreneur but also the social skills that helps them to interact successful with others. Entrepreneurs are linked to perform financial activities of new ventures, after other studies proved high social skills is good for almost all individuals. In recent years causation versus effectuation has become an essential subject in Entrepreneurial science. Ten years ago, two terms of different styles of entrepreneurship were introduced called Causation and Effectuation. In the field of decision-making Effectuation is a relatively new theory of entrepreneurship research. Entrepreneurial process is an inverse of the classical causational process. Many scholars have written different books on this concept but in my assignment I will use ideas and concept of one particular person her name is Sarasvathy. She explained these two terms causation and effectuation in a very nice way. Sarasvathy (2001a) defines that causational process take a particular effect as given and focus on selecting between means to create that effect, while defining that effectuation process take a set of means as given and focus on selecting between possible effects that can be created with that set of means (p.245). She has also given different examples to explain this concept in good way and clarify her statement and difference between causation and effectuation. Using her example which she established in her dissertation (p.245): a chef that is asked to cook dinner for a host. The causation process would mean the host chooses a menu, upon which the chef shops for the necessary ingredients and cooks the meal. Hence, the end is given and predictable, and the focus is on acquiring, and selecting between, the means to achieve the end. The effectuation process mean would that the host asks the chef to imagine possible menus based on the available means in the kitchen: available ingredients and utensils. Hence, the mean are given and focus is on what can be achieved with them. Nowadays mostly entrepreneurs use effectuation model rather than causational model thats why effectuation model continuously gaining foothold in the field of entrepreneurship research. In this assignment, I will address a piece of that gap. If we go back to the Sarasvathy theories about entrepreneurship, Sarasvathy (2001a) indicates that the theory of effectuation is influenced by a large list of scholars for example Knight, Weick, March, Buchanan, Vanberg. According to Sarasvathy theoretical framework. Effectuation inverts the fundamental principles, solution process and overall logic of predictive rationality Sarasvathy (2001a p.2) It is argued that effective mechanisms associated with the discovery and exploitation of opportunities in new markets with high levels of uncertainty (Sarasvathy, 2001). For this reason, Sarasvathy suggests that the success of the first participants in a new industry is more likely to use the process of achieving causal processes. Because the effectuation and has a sophisticated design and prediction, the costs associated with these activities are reduced (Bhide, 2000; Mintzberg, 1994). Sarasvathy (2001) argues that while new businesses fail created by effectuation model, they will fail in initial levels and / or lower investments than those businesses which created through the causal model. Implementing the theory based on the decision of the literature suggests that if decision makers believe that it is a relatively unpredictable, they will try to gather information about the future trends of experimental, iterative learning (for example, Ries, 2011).The elements of effectuation help us to reconstruction experimental and iterative learning techniques that allow entrepreneurs to discover information about the future as time passes. (Sarasvathy, 2001). Sarasvathy describes succinctly the difference in the two logical modes: Causal problems are problems of decision; effectual problems are problems of design. Causal logics help us choose; effectual logics help us construct. Causal strategies are useful when the future is predictable, goals are clear and the environment is independent of our actions; effectual strategies are useful when the future is unpredictable, goals are unclear and the environment is driven by human action. The causal actor begins with an effect he wants to create and asks, What should I do to achieve this particular effect? The effecutator begins with her means and asks, What can I do with these means? And then again, What else can I do with them? (Sarasvathy 2008). The study showed that the two methods differed by five factors Resource driven objectives The first and most definitive part which separated experts from novices was how they began the process of making decisions to create a business. (Sarasvathy,2008). The beginner started with a business plan (with corresponding targets) and market research. Business experts entrepreneurs, meanwhile, made three key issues: 1) Who am I? 2) What do I know? 3) Who do I know? To do this, the employer is strictly inventory of resources. What services or goods, the employer already know how to deliver? When asked who the employer has identified these things were more passionate. Finally, the most extreme effectuators always started with what he knew well, could begin to build partnerships. For example, one participant said: The traditional market research, he says, based on a broad collection of information, perhaps via e-mail. I would not do that. I literally would seek, as I said at the beginning, company key star call; do a frontal lobotomy on them. . . The challenge is to actually choose your partners and yourself early package before you have to put a lot of capital. (Sarasvathy, 2008). This line of thinking is very similar look with Napoleon. As in the Battle of Toulon (Note 4) Napoleon had decided to conquer these strategic resources to rigorously examined and their position. (Duggan, 2009). Similarly, entrepreneurs resources expert study before making a decision. Minimizing losses rather than focusing on returns The second element is that entrepreneurs like to spend only what they could afford to lose. (Sarasvathy, 2008). In contrast, novices focused on the amount that can be expected in return. Ends effectuators not want to spend money. He was careful in spending money on marketing. An entrepreneur may even sell a product that was not available to the client. He built only after the customer wanted to buy. (Sarasvathy, 2008). Forming partnerships The third element is that the business experts differ from novices focusing on partner search. First, he tried to quickly turn customers into partners which come in their new business. Second, unlike novices who focus on competition, experts are diligent in building associations. Refining the service or product based on customer feedback The fourth element is that entrepreneurs specialists recognize that the initial product is not where it should be. (Sarasvathy 2008). When applying iterative information for customers about your product or service, the entrepreneur has the ability to transform. Thus, the contractor is not an expert to say a fixed idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹what the market needs. Instead, the entrepreneur and the dialogue with the market to determine what the market wants. (Sarasvathy 2008). Arriving at a different destination The fifth and final point is that entrepreneur experts do not have a fixed goal or destination. For example, unlike the classic strategic model, the journey from A to B is often converted into a journey from A to C, where C is unthinkable death or diversion. Two thirds of the study participants, eventually selling products or services that is different from their origin. (Sarasvathy 2008). This is another look resonate with Napoleon. Map of Napoleons final battle and the strategic points have changed their plans before the battle. Similarly, when employers use guidance based media must change their original plans of the dynamics of resources, knowledge, alliances, customers and environmental changes. (Sarasvathy 2008). EXAMPLES Following are the examples of effectuation model businesses. Ebay.co.uk Kelkoo.co.uk Gocompare.com Facebook.com Zara Gap Auto trader Ali baba Conclusion Effectuation has big hold on the imagination of researchers because it identi ¬Ã‚ es and questions basic consideration of how individuals think and behave when starting businesses, and it offers on other hand explanation to causation that many believe has face validity. An effectuation model company seems particularly appropriate as it can best be explained how, in the absence of current markets for future goods and services, these goods and services manage to come into existence (Venkataraman, 1997, p. 120). In other words, it seems preferable to describe the actual thoughts and behaviours that some experienced entrepreneurs to start a new business. Therefore, we believe that the application of entrepreneurship and effectuation model is a theoretical model to be tested by the researchers. In this assignment, I aimed to answer the question, what is currently known, in terms of literature, about the relationship between causation and effectuation? This was done through a comprehensive literature review, first realise that effectuation is relatively new but already well established in entrepreneurial decision making, enjoying a large number of species theories and empirical evidence proving its existence. Secondly, it was found that there was only one role associated with the effectuation and start-up performance. Thirdly, I studied the relationship between causation and effectuation although there is a big contradiction as relationship between the two is obvious. The last part of the literature review focuses on other influences on performance that could be distilled from a business plan to control their growth and motivation / intention was the result.